They can be used after a septic tank for primary treatment or other types of systems in order to separate the solids from the liquid. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment mdpi. In the present paper the detailed design and performances of two municipal wastewater treatment plants, a fourstage constructed wetlands cw system located in the city of dicomano about 3,500 inhabitants in italy, and a threestage cw system for. This ability of wetlands has led to a widespread use of. Optimization of lowcost phosphorus removal from wastewater. Constructed wetlandswastewater treatment do not cite or quote second order draft 6. In horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands hssf cws, the wastewater flows from the inlet and flows slowly through the porous medium under the surface. The overall goal of this paper is to assess the performance of a pilotscale constructed wetland through studying its treatment performance. The classification of constructed wetlands is based on. Designers of constructed wetland wastewater treatment. A list of existing constructed wetlands and aquatic plant systems is presented in appendix a. Constructed wetlands can also be a costeffective and technically feasible approach to treating wastewater.
Constructed wetlands for industrial wastewater treatment wiley. In the winter, when plants are dorment, their roots still provide surface area for ben. However, intentional and planned use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment is relatively new. The ihe delft online course on constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. When designing a constructed wetland for greenhouse or nursery wastewater there will be different treatment goals depending on the situation. The online course deals with the basic principles of wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands and enables the participants at the end of the course to make a proper design of their own wetland system for wastewater treatment. The first experiments using wetland macrophytes for wastewater treatment were carried out in germany in the early 1950s.
Pdf constructed wetlands have been used for wastewater treatment for nearly 40 years and have become a widely accepted technology available to deal. There are many design, construction and operation factors that if not carefully considered may result in premature failure of the system. Constructed wetland an overview sciencedirect topics. Successful applications for the treatment of municipal wastewater have led to the exploration of the technology for the treatment of other wastewater, including industrial, agricultural, acid mine drainage. I would like to express my appreciation to martin gauss for preparing this document. Constructed wetlandsbuilt in an upland area without natural wetland hydrology, hydric soils, and hydrophytic vegetation principally or entirely for effluent or runoff treatment created wetlandbuilt in an upland area for mitigation to replace a lost natural wetland and its. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and wildlife. Constructed wetlands wetlands protection and restoration. Pdf multistage constructed wetland systems for municipal. Constructed wetland treatment systems are engineered systems that have been designed and constructed to utilize the natural processes involving wetland vegetation, soils, and their associated microbial assemblages to assist in treating wastewater.
Asla, an innovative smart growth planner, and engineers from the firm natural system utilities discussed the benefits of using constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Walnut coves constructed wetland wastewater treatment facility is in stark contrast to the traditional wastewater treatment plant that the town had been considering in 1994. Coarse rock, gravel, sand and other soils have all been used, but a gravel medium is most common in the u. There, the suspended materials are removed from the wastewater. Constructed wetlands can mimic the filtration processes of natural wetlands, effectively removing contaminants from wastewater. Pdf the first experiments using wetland macrophytes for wastewater treatment were carried out in germany in the early 1950s. Pdf constructed wetland system for wastewater treatment. Constructed wetlands are used for wastewater treatment or for greywater treatment. This wetland is situated in french prealpine mountain, at 720 m elevation. Different helophytes were planted such as typha latifolia, phragmites. Areas with greater emergent wetland vegetation, for example cattails and rushes, tend to. Wetlands are often less expensive to build than traditional wastewater treatment options, have low operating and maintenance expenses and can handle fluctuating water levels. Wastewater can either flow on top of the existing soil surface or through a porous medium such as gravel subsurface. Brix and others published wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands.
Conservation practice standard constructed wetland code 656. A constructed wetland cw is an artificial wetland to treat municipal or industrial wastewater, greywater or stormwater runoff. Wastewater flows through a pipe from a septic tank or other type of primary wastewater treatment system into the constructed wetland. Purpose to treat wastewater or contaminated runoff from agricultural processing, livestock, or aquaculture facilities to improve water quality of storm water runoff or other water flows. Contents iii foreword v preface 1 chapter one introduction 3 chapter two what is a constructed wetland. Different helophytes were planted such as typha latifolia. An artificial wetland ecosystem with hydrophytic vegetation for biological treatment of water. Pdf constructed wetland is a candidate method for waste water treatment due to its cost effective, less energy sensitive, simple operation and. Systems paired cotreatment reactors containing iron or calcium drinking water treatment residuals with vertical. Constructed wetland for wastewater treatment and reuse. Constructed wetlands and aquatic plant systems for.
Factors affecting the functioning of the wetlands treatment of wastewater. Along the spectrum of decentralized wastewater treatment systems, there are fullynatural systems often used. When compared with a conventional method of wastewater treatment using chemicals, the constructed wetland technology is simple, inexpensive, and environmentalfriendly 5,6,7. This ability of wetlands has led to a widespread use of natural and constructed wetlands.
Since then, the constructed wetlands have evolved into a reliable wastewater treatment technology for various types of wastewater. A groundbreaking book on the application of the economic and environmentally effective treatment of industrial wastewater. Sundaravadivel graduate school of the environment, macquarie university, sydney, australia s. Constructed wetlands for industrial wastewater treatment. Constructed wetlands have great potential as a cleanup technology for a variety of wastewaters. In the fsf type of wetland, the impoundment is constructed with an impermeable bottom and sides and the inlet allows polluted water into the pond, diffused from several points through a gravel embankment. A simplified schematic view of the constructed wetland treatment system is shown in figure 1. Performances of constructed wetlands for municipal. I use this system for the treatment of human and industrial wastewaters, it is a good and low cost way, save energy and the effluent is really clean to discharge on sea or other natural waters. The second issue pertains to the performance longevity of these systems. A constructed wetland system consisting of two settling basins, two wetland cells planted with typha latifolia l.
Over the past decade, constructed wetlands have become a popular means for small to medium scale onsite wastewater treatment. Abstract eighteen wastewater treatment systems were operated for one year to investigate phosphorus p removal. A constructed wetland system for domestic wastewater treatment is designed to mimic the natural wetland treatment processes by mother nature. Constructed wetlands and aquatic plant systems for municipal. Wetlands, wastewater treatment, constructed treatment wetlands ctw. The treatment of wastewater or stormwater by constructed wetlands can be a lowcost, lowenergy process requiring minimal operational attention. Wastewater treatment using constructed wetlands at highway. Pdf constructed wetland for wastewater treatment researchgate. The results indicated a significant reduction of total nitrogen 98. Since then, the constructed wetlands have evolved into a reliable. Sep 23, 2016 walnut coves constructed wetland wastewater treatment facility is in stark contrast to the traditional wastewater treatment plant that the town had been considering in 1994.
A constructed wetland is an engineered sequence of water bodies designed to filter and treat waterborne pollutants found in sewage, industrial effluent or storm water runoff. Using constructed wetlands to treat wastewater the dirt. The first experiments aimed at the possibility of wastewater treatment by wetland plants were undertaken by kathe seidel in germany in the early 1950s at the max planck institute in plon 3. I use this natural technology to develop green treatment systems.
A free water surface constructed wetland fws cw for stormwater runoff in. This document is not intended to be guidance or a support document for a specific regulatory program. For a small community with limited funds for expanding or updating wastewater treatment plants, constructed wetlands are an attractive option. While land intensive, these systems offer an effective means of integrating wastewater treatment and resource enhancement, often at a cost that is competitive with conventional wastewater treatment alternatives. The wastewater flows from the septic tank into the wetland cell, which is a lined basin filled with porous media and plants. It may also be designed for land reclamation after mining, or as a mitigation step for natural areas lost to land development. Smaller, decentralized, wastewater management and treatment systems such as constructed wetlands can be a viable alternative for many urban areas in developing countries. The hssf process treatment consists in a threestage system dimensioned for 350 people equivalent. A global performance evaluation of an experimental horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands hssf was made after 6 years of functioning. This system uses plants and microbes to improve the wastewater quality. Primary treatment of wastewater from the refinery process unit is accomplished by separating and recovering oil from other contaminants, and then the water is discharged to the wetland for secondary series of treatment 14. Wetlands for wastewater treatment constructed wetlands cws have emerged as a reliable, low cost and sustainable technology for treatment of various types of wastewater via different treatment processes including biological, chemical and physical processes.
Conservation practice standard constructed wetland code. This type of constructed wetland closely mimics natural wetlands in terms of vegetation and water flow regime. Cws can be used in the treatment of various types of wastewater, such as agricultural, household, and industrial wastewater, and landfill leachate zhang et. Amoco oil company used constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment at its refinery in mandan, north. As a result of both extensive research and practical application, insight is being gained into the design, performance, operation, and maintenance of constructed wetlands for water.
Types of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. It will provide information on the role of these systems for wastewater treatment and reuse. Wastewater treatment using constructed wetlands at. This green technology offers many economic, environmental, and societal advantages. This document provides brief descriptions of 17 wetland treatment systems. The equipment and infrastructure required is relatively simple ponds, channels, pumps, aerators, and gas cylinders and the whole operation is lowmaintenance. Constructed wetlands have proven to be a very effective method for the treatment of municipal wastewater. Use of wetlands is common in some parts of the united states, as shown in table 1. Cw can be designed so the water can be reused for irrigation or other activities or the wetland can be designed to treat water so it can be discharged into.
1138 893 698 1258 803 1064 1101 249 1336 1652 62 811 801 893 459 227 1038 406 1047 1028 409 899 350 634 1136 1227 851 417 884 151 682 1159 994 1342 53 1416 127 831 443 1197 1189 1376